Diabetes Mellitus is an endocrine disorder:

Diabetes Mellitus type 2 is an endocrine disorder characterized by insulin insufficiency (type 1 diabetes)

                                                                             OR

Insulin resistance (type 2 diabetes)and chronically raised blood sugar levels. Vascular diseases (diabetic angiopathies) play a deciding role in the course of the disease.

Symptoms for Diabetes Mellitus Type 2:

Damage to nerves and causes problems with sensation.

• Increased thirst and frequent urination. Excess sugar building up in your bloodstream causes fluid to be pulled from the tissues. …
• Increased hunger. …
• Weight loss. …
• Fatigue. …
• Blurred vision. …
• Slow-healing sores or frequent infections.
• Areas of darkened skin.

Normal values:

Prescription for Diabetes Mellitus Type 2:

Sulfonylureas:

• Glipizide Regular release 2.5 mg once/day-20 mg twice a day
• Glipizide extended-release 2.5-20 mg once/day
• Glimepiride 1-8 mg once/day
• Glibenclamide 1-2 mg once daily

Biguanides:

• Metformin Regular release 500 mg once/day-250 mg twice/day
• Metformin extended release 500 mg-2 mg once/day

Thiazolidinediones:

• Pioglitazone 15-45 mg once/day
• Rosiglitazone 2-8 mg once/day

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors:

• Acarbose 25-100 mg 3 times a day with meals
• Miglitol 25-100 mg 3 times a day with meals
• Voglibose

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors:

• Sitagliptin 100 mg once/day

Insulin:

• Rapid-acting insulins: Lispro(Humalog),Aspart(Novolog),Glulisine(Apidra)
• Short-acting: Regular (Humulin R or Novolin R)
• Intermediate-acting: NPH (Humulin N and Novolin N)
• Long-acting: Glargine(Lantus)
• Premixed-Humulin 70/30, Novolin 70/30, Novolog 70/30, Humulin 50/50, Humalog mix 75/25

Counseling on side effects:

• Glipizide: Hypoglycemia, Weight gain-check for sugar levels After exercise or a missed meal.
• Glimepiride: Hypoglycemia, Weight gain-check for sugar levels After exercise or a missed meal
• Glibenclamide: Dizziness so doesn’t drive a car or don’t operate machinery. Dehydration during the hot season so drinks plenty of fluids. Monitor kidney, liver functions.
• Metformin: Diarrhoea,Nausea,Stomach upset,metallic taste,lactic acidosis
• Pioglitazone: Anemia,fluid retention,edema,weight gain,Bone loss in women,Bladder cancer, monitor liver function before and during treatment.
• Rosiglitazone: Heart failure, Angina.Stroke
• Acarbose, Miglitol: Flatulence
• Sitagliptin: Runny nose, Headache, Upper respiratory tract infection-Discontinue treatment if there are signs of hypersensitivity. Caution when used with sulfonylureas and/or other antidiabetic medications; monitor blood glucose regularly.

General counseling points for Diabetics:

• Eat food at fixed hours
• Do not overeat
• Do not eat immediately after a workout